As in the Work Sheet, so in the printer's copy of your geneology tree a form is recommended for use. It has the same advantages in the one place as in the other of guarding against omissions and of securing regularity. It places the copy in orderly fashion before the typesetter. He can follow his copy with less liability of mistakes and with greater speed and ease if he can be sure of finding every date in the same place on the page and all the other data arranged the same on every page from the first to the last. The copy should be arranged as the printed book is to appear. The printer must not be expected to do editorial work, and the geneologist should not want any printer tampering with his copy over which he has labored hard and long to get in exactly the form in which he wishes to present it to his readers.

In order that the geneology tree work may be left open for the insertion of new matter until the last minute before going to press, it is suggested that a separate sheet be used for the data con­cerning the member of the family under consideration and his marriage, another sheet for recording the issue of the union, and a separate sheet for biography if there is to be anything other than the routine information of education, occupation or profession and military service. In doing this it is possible when the book is being printed to run the extended biogra­phy either before family data or after them. While the work is in progress it is easier to follow the form carrying the in­formation of the parents, with the one showing the history of their children. But in the manuscript arranged for the printer it is commonly found that the biography is inserted between the history of the parents and that of the children. This possibly makes for smoother reading. The story of the parents is all told before that of their children is taken up. When separate sheets are used for children and for biogra­phy as above recommended, the change of arrangement for the printer is merely a matter of shifting sheets from one position to another.

By having separate sheets for children it is possible to add new names and information of children not found when the sheet was written.

The preparation of copy in this fashion will require a letter size sheet which files in the regular sized binders or in letter folders or envelopes that it may be easily accessible for refer­ence during the progress of the work. Any one of the above filing methods is inexpensive and provides easy access at all times for reference, which is very necessary.

The form for providing data for the member of the family heading the sheet is illustrated on page 159.

Explanation of the Form

Family The space designated Family is designed for use where the main family is being subdivided into branches as above recommended, and would be marked with the given name of the child heading his particular branch, as Joseph, or whatever specific branch of the family was under consideration on the form. If there were seven children of the emigrant ancestor and each branch was to be carried down independently, Joseph being the oldest child, all of the history of the line coming through Joseph would bear his name in the designated space, even though it ran into thou­sands of pages.

Generation The generation would be marked 1, 2, 3, etc. as the case might be, counting the emigrant ancestor as the 1st generation, his children as the 2nd generation, etc.

Number This space is reserved for the final numbering if the progressive plan is adopted as recommended by the New England Historic Genealogical Society, in place of the index plan of Mr. Lincoln as explained heretofore. In adopting the progressive numbering plan this space would be left unused until the work was completed and the numbers would be inserted the last thing before handing the copy to the printer.

Index This space is provided for indexing the work as it is in process and is designed to use the so-called Lincoln method. In the event that the plan is not carried to the printed book the line should be omitted by the compositor. It is, however, necessary in order that the work may be kept in its proper arrangement during compilation.

Line of Descent Here should be inserted the complete line of descent from the common ancestor, be­ginning with the name of the parent of the subject of the sheet, and writing his name and generation, followed by the names and generations of all those in line back to the com­mon ancestor, thus:

Joseph (5), Thomas (4), Thomas (3), John (2), Joseph (1).

This shows that the line has come down from Joseph the common ancestor through his son John, father of Thomas, and so on to Joseph in the fifth generation who is father of the subject of the sheet. The order should always be stated with the name of the common ancestor last, rather than the reverse, that the line may be unbroken between the subject and his parent.

References

The printed geneology tree book should always show the references to substantiate the information given. If a birth is found in the vital records of Hanover, Mass., in the References column should be inserted "Hanover VR" etc. By placing references in this manner ease of work both by compiler and compositor will be promoted.

The remainder of the form is sufficiently plain to need no explanation or comment.

The next form should be devoted to children of the family and in working, should be the next sheet unless there is a second marriage of the member under consideration, in which event a second sheet of the printed form above de­scribed would be used for this marriage, treating it as di­rected under the subject of Working Papers.

For the recording of children plain sheets may be used or to keep the work uniform the following form is suggested. The index figures or letters should appear on every sheet and each family should be separately paged as abdac ad (2) if a plain sheet is used, or the form filled in if that method is adopted.

Children should be recorded in chronological order if possi­ble, and the date and place of birth. If the child is to be carried to another place in the book for further consideration under a heading of his own, that entry is all that is necessary; but if it is the name of a son who did not marry, or if married, had no children, or if it is the name of a daughter whose name is to be dropped with her marriage, all of the known history of the child, or such as is intended to be preserved until such time as the line is dropped should be recited, as the name is discontinued and will not appear again in the book.

Inasmuch as the data concerning children will vary so widely it is not advisable to use the arrangement shown on the work sheet for recording them.

Nothing but the history of children should be put on pages assigned to that purpose. If there is only one name, and no data other than the name, a sheet should be used for it.

Bibliography

On a separate blank page, bearing the same Index Letters or Figures should be written any biography of the family, or the family history for the geneology tree. Here again as many pages may be used as the occasion demands, placing the same Index Letters or Figures on each page followed by the page number. Nothing but family history should be put on this page, and even if there is but one line of biography, it should always be put on a page by itself and never worked in on pages devoted to the history of the subject and his marriage or that of the children of the family.

Here again a simple form may be employed for the sake of uniformity. Throughout the entire project it must be re­membered that paper is cheaper than mistakes. The cost of paper used or of the necessary printing of forms will be far more than offset by the clearness and definiteness of the in­formation which is presented to the printer and may be in some measure offset by the lessened printer's cost when it comes to putting the book into type.

The wording of the form, of course, should not be set up by the compositor when he does his work, and to make clear to him what words on the form are to be ignored by him in composition it is suggested that the form words to be de­leted be printed in a different face type from those words which are to appear in the printed record.

Thus it will be seen that every page having to do with an individual member—information of himself, his wife, his children (unless and until carried forward to pages under their own Index Letters), and his biography, will bear the same Index Letters and will be paged as a unit. The history of each member will form an individual booklet which will be arranged in conjunction with the histories of other mem­bers of the family according to Index Letters as shown in progression.

The chronological order of births of children cannot al­ways be followed when publishing a geneology tree. Many times there will be found a child who has been left out of the record but who should be in­cluded in the history of the family. In families widely scat­tered, where information has to be picked up piecemeal, some children may have been included, numbered and car­ried along, when it is discovered that there were other chil­dren in the family whose birth date preceded those of the children already recorded. To rearrange and renumber at this point in the work, where succeeding generations have been recorded would upset numbers all through the work done on the succeeding generations. This should not be at­tempted as it gives rise for too much chance for error in re­numbering. The dates of birth will enable the reader to properly arrange the children in their order as to birth and age.

Either one of two methods of numbering may be used, as referred to elsewhere in the book. The Index Letters may be retained as in the Lincoln and the Waldo geneologies, or numbers substituted for letters as in the Chapin geneology; or the plan recommended by the New England Historic Genealogical Society may be adopted.

The Index Lettering or Numbering has much in its favor, but it requires more thought on the part of the reader. It is a more professional plan, which in the mind of the laymen, who will compose a large percentage of the readers of the book, makes it less desirable. If it is selected for the num­bering of the printed book, there is no change needed in the copy as prepared.

If, however, the plan of the New England Historic Gene­alogical Society is adopted it will be necessary to go through the entire book manuscript and enter in front of the name of each child of the blood, a progressive number. Not the Progressive Number used on the Work Sheets, because in this numbering the progressive or consecutive numbering will replace the Index Letters or Figures and each individual in line must have a number and only one number can be given to each individual.

The plan has been fully explained in Chapter II or Part I under the title Sources of Information, and need not have further explanation here.

It is, briefly, giving the common ancestor the number I, and adding the next unused number for each person of the blood until the end of the book is reached, using the first number assigned to the child carried forward when he is again picked up later in the work in his own generation.

By this method if it is desirable to back up the line of any particular person it is necessary to look up each generation, stepping back from one to that preceding it, and there is no way of comparing descendants from any specific ancestor as explained by Mr. Lincoln in describing the Index Letter sys­tem in his book, elsewhere quoted.

It must be remembered that this system of progressive numbering cannot be put into use until the composition of the geneology tree manuscript is complete, as having passed a given num­bering point there is no method by which new data concern­ing members coming in late can be inserted. It will be neces­sary, therefore, to use the Index Letters throughout the editing and arranging, and discard them later if they are not to be used in the printed book. If the progressive plan of numbering is selected, the manuscript may be kept open for additions until within a few days of the time when it is to be handed to the printer. The last operation should be to insert the progressive numbers and cross off on the printer's copy the Index Letters as they will under the progressive numbering system form no part of the printer's work. It should be sufficient to inform the printer to ignore the Index Letters, without having to cross them off of each sheet of copy.

Marking Continued Lines

Some designating mark should be placed against the names of those children in the geneology tree who are to be picked up for continu­ation on later pages of the book. Most publishers use the plus sign (+) for doing this. Not all typewriters have this character, but the asterisk (*) can be used as effectively. There is no designating mark used with those names which are dropped and do not later appear in the book. The fact that they are unmarked signifies that no further information will be found elsewhere concerning them.

Duplicate Copies

With a minimum amount of work a carbon copy can be taken of the typewritten manuscript as prepared for the printer. There are several advantages in doing this. It is good insurance against loss in the mails or elsewhere. Re­cently an author had the misfortune to have her entire copy lost by the publisher, and the entire book of two hundred pages had to be rewritten. No one intends to be careless and losses seldom occur, but all the apologies of a guilty party cannot replace a lost manuscript, and in the case of a geneal­ogy it would mean months and perhaps years of work to build up and rewrite the book.

The copy which goes through the hands of the employees of the publishing house will, after it has served its purpose, be a sorry looking manuscript. A good carbon copy is as useful for the operator of a typesetting machine as the origi­nal manuscript. This leaves a clean original copy in the hands of the compiler for use in correcting, proofreading etc.

Furthermore, some thought must be given to the subse­quent work of the geneologist. If he thinks he is going to stop his search with the printing of his book, he is laboring under a delusion. He has started something in his mind which he cannot dismiss unless he is a professional who con­siders the printing of the book the end of the job, at which time he dismisses the family from his attention and tackles the next job for which he is to be paid. This is hardly ex­pected to be the case, as by far the greater number of geneal­ogies are written by novices who are members of the family, rather than by professional geneologists outside the ranks of kinship.

If the geneologist is to continue with his search and at­tempt to keep his work up to date with the changes in family history, there can be no easier or simpler way than to change the color of the ink in his fountain pen or the ribbon on his typewriter and go straight on with his customary sheets.

To continue work on the family history using only the printed book for corrections and additions and as a base for future investigation, even with an interleaved copy, has many and serious disadvantages, all of which are overcome by the retention of the original manuscript and the substitu­tion of the carbon copy for the use of the printer.

The completed manuscript of one member of the family ready for the printer will present the following appearance:

		FAMILY      Joseph	GENERATION   3		NO. 110
		INDEX        aba			PAGE 1
		NAME        Dea. Samuel Thomson
		LINE OF DESCENT        Samuel (2), Robert (1).
		SON (OR DAU.) OF        Seargt. Samuel Thomson		AUTHORITY
		AND        Lydia Snow
		BORN AT       Scituate, Mass.		Scituate VR
		DIED AT        Mansfield, Conn.		Mansfield VR
		MARRUED AT        Barnstable, Mass.	ON  Mar. 11, 1712	Barnstable VR
		TO        Desire Dunham
		DAU.  (OR SON) OF        James Dunham
		AND     Sophia Cashing
		BORN AT       Barnstable, Mass.	ON  Jan. 3, 1680	Barnstable VR
		DIED AT        Mansfield, Conn.	ON  Jan. 24, 1738	Cem. Rec.
		BURIALS AT       Mansfield, Conn.
		RESIDENCE       Mansfield, Conn.
		EDUCATION
		OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS        Farmer
		MILITARY SERVICE
		PUBLIC OFFICES         Deacon of the First Church of Mansfield, Conn.

		INDEX        aba		NO.   110	PAGE   3
		ISSUE OF       Dea. Samuel Thomson
		NO.	Children were all born in Conn. as by Mansfield records.
		1.	* Samuel, b.  Dec. 30, 1713.
		2.	Rebecca, b.  Apr. 27, 1716; d. 1716.
		3.	* Eli., b.  Nov. 20, 1717.
		4.	Mary, b. Nov. 21, 1719; died unmarried, 1807.
		5.	Elizabeth, b. Jan. 18, 1721/2; m. Prince Sherman, Sept.15, 1742; d. Mar. 10, 1744. No children.
		6.	Rebecca, b. Oct. 6, 1724; d. 1724.

		INDEX        aba		NO.   110	PAGE   3
		ISSUE OF       Dea. Samuel Thomson
		BIOGRAPHY           The First Church in Mansfield, Conn., was organized October 10, 1710, with Eleazer Williams as Pastor, and eight brethren. Among these eight was Samuel Thompson, who was a deacon of the church at the time of his death.          “Samuel Thompson of Scituate: purchased land in “Wyndham,” Conn., in 1705 (Mansfield Land Rec.).  Jan. 11, 1708, James Ross sold a tract in Mansfield “by estimation 13C acres in consideration of one yoak of oxen to me delivered by Samuel Thompson” (Mansfield Land Rec. b. 1, p. 114).           In 1709 he was allowed land on “east side of Nachange River, being a part of the fifth allotment on ye crotch and by draught ye twelvth choice of ye land layd out in Mansfield according to ye last Voat of ye proprietors (Mansfield Rec. b. 1, p. 140).

Assuming that the numbering plan recommended by the New England Historic Genealogical Society has been adopted for the printed book, and that at the last minute as a conclusion of the editorial work the numbers have been inserted by pen and ink, and the manuscript in the above described form has been handed to the printer, he will pro­ceed to set up the copy, omitting the form phraseology as indicated by the style of type. His galley proof will be in the following form:

no. Dea. Samuel Thompson [Samuel (2), Robert (1)] Son of Seargt Samuel and Lydia (Snow) Thompson, b. at Scituate, Mass., June 23, 1679 (Scituate VR); d. at Mansfield Conn., Sept. 14, 1727 (Mansfield VR). He married at Barn-stable, Mass., Mar. 11, 1712, Desire Dunham, daughter of James and Sophia (Cushing) Dunham (Barnstable VR). She was b. at Barnstable Jan. 3, 1680 (Barnstable VR) and d. at Mansfield, Conn. Jan. 24, 1738 (Cem. Rec.) Dea. Samuel Thompson was a farmer and resided in Mans­field, Conn, where he was deacon of the First Church. The first church of Mansfield was organized Oct. 10, 1710, with Eleazer Williams as Pastor, and eight brethren. Among these eight was Samuel Thompson, who was a deacon at the time of his death. "Samuel Thompson of Scituate" purchased land in "Wyndham," Conn, in 1705 (Mansfield Land Records). Jan. 11, 1708, James Ross sold a tract in Mansfield "by esti­mation 130 acres in consideration of one Yoak of oxen to me delivered by Samuel Thompson" (Mansfield Land Rec. b. 1, p. 114). In 1709 he was allotted land on "east side of Na-change River, being a part of the fifth allotment on ye crotch and by draught ye twelvth choice of ye land layed out in Mansfield according to ye last Voat of ye proprietors" (Mansfield Land Rec. b. 1, p. 140). There were six children all born in Mansfield as by the records, as follows: *Samuel, b. Dec. 30, 1713. Rebecca, b. Apr. 27, 1716; d. 1716. *Eli, b. Nov. 20, 1717. Mary, b. Nov. 21, 1719; d. unmarried, in 1807. Elizabeth, b. Jan. 18, 1721/2; m. Prince Sherman, Sept. 15, 1742; died Mar. 10, 1744. She had no children Rebecca, b. Oct. 6, 1724; d. 1724.

It will be observed that the biography is inserted between the data of the subject, Dea. Samuel, and the history of his children, and that two of the children are continued, viz: Samuel and Eli, who will be found later under their numbers 123 and 125.

The Index

A geneology tree is sometimes published without an index, in which event any one having occasion to use the book must read until he finds what he seeks. Omitting an index is an abominable practice and should never be done. It is occa­sioned usually by lack of funds for publication. If funds can be found for printing the manuscript, certainly a little more money may be secured for the printing of the index. In the Ballou geneology of over twelve hundred pages, listing about ten thousand persons of the blood, with the normal number of names included by marriage and the in-laws, the index occupies ninety pages. This is perhaps a good average, and will illustrate the point that the inclusion of the index does not add seriously to the cost of the published book. While it may be argued that it is better to publish a geneology without an index than not to publish it at all, the geneologist's hard work is certainly placed before the public under a tre­mendous handicap unless he has a complete and carefully made index. It is advised to leave no stone unturned to secure funds necessary for its inclusion, or hold the manu­script until funds are available to publish the work as it should be done.

Sometimes the omission is caused by the added work of making the index, which is a long and tedious task. But if the geneologist shirks in this particular he will pay dearly for his lack of ambition.

The making of an index will consume about as much time as the typing of the manuscript. It can be made as the work progresses, by which method the tediousness is somewhat broken. Its making should follow the progress of the typing, that it may be complete when the manuscript is sent to the printer. Otherwise the publisher must hold his forms a long time between the proof sheets and the final printing.

The geneologist will need an index for reference as he goes on with his compilation, and it should be made just the same as that for the work sheets. The use of the Index Letters or Numbers in place of the Progressive Numbers shown on the Work Sheets will indicate in which department of the work the data will be found.

When the proof sheets are returned from the printer, all that is necessary to do is to go through the index, and with pen and ink, put on the corner of the card, the page number as found in the proof, after which the names may be typed on sheets and the page numbers written after them in the manner found in any good index. By this method the actual time involved in making the index is reduced to a minimum and the printer is not unduly held up with his work of pro­ducing the finished book.

The original index on cards is still intact for use in con­tinuation of the geneology tree work, carrying both the Index Letters or Numbers and the book pages.

The usefulness of the book is greatly enhanced if the index is divided, showing first those names of the blood in one sec­tion, and the names of those who married into the family, with the in-laws, in another section. There is also a decided advantage in making an index to towns and cities. This will add somewhat to the work and a little to the cost, but there is no question of its value to those who have occasion to use the book.

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